{"id":531,"date":"2021-07-02T07:56:10","date_gmt":"2021-07-02T12:56:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/?p=531"},"modified":"2021-11-16T07:39:07","modified_gmt":"2021-11-16T13:39:07","slug":"how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Manage Users on a Dedicated Server?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 ez-toc-wrap-right counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #212121;color:#212121\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #212121;color:#212121\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#user_types\" >User Types<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#regular_user\" >Regular User<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#system_user\" >System User<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#super_user\" >Super User<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#adding_users_on_dedicated_server\" >Adding Users on dedicated server<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#what_happens_when_adding_users_with_%e2%80%9cadduser%e2%80%9d\" >What Happens when Adding Users with &#8220;adduser&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#creating_a_temporary_user_with_expiration_date\" >Creating a Temporary User (with expiration date)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#creating_a_user_with_no_home_directory\" >Creating a User with No Home Directory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#creating_a_user_and_specifying_a_non-standard_home_directory\" >Creating a User and Specifying a Non-Standard Home Directory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#creating_a_user_with_a_specific_user_id_on_dedicated_server\" >Creating a User with a Specific User ID on dedicated server<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#creating_a_user_with_a_different_default_shell\" >Creating a User with a Different Default Shell<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#creating_a_system_user_on_dedicated_server\" >Creating a System User on dedicated server<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#creating_a_user_without_a_group\" >Creating a User without a Group<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#creating_a_user_and_specifying_the_group_id_gid\" >Creating a User and Specifying the Group ID (GID)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#creating_a_user_and_adding_to_multiple_groups\" >Creating a User and Adding to Multiple Groups<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#creating_a_user_with_custom_comments_added_details\" >Creating a User with Custom Comments (Added Details)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#deleting_users_on_dedicated_server\" >Deleting Users on dedicated server<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#when_you_cant_delete_a_user_on_dedicated_server\" >When You Can&#8217;t Delete a User on dedicated server<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#problem_theyve_created_a_process_thats_still_running\" >Problem: They&#8217;ve Created a Process That&#8217;s Still Running<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#solution_kill_the_process_then_delete_the_user\" >Solution: Kill the Process Then Delete the User<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#kill_exit_codes\" >Kill Exit Codes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#deleting_a_logged_in_user_forced_nuclear_danger_warning\" >Deleting a Logged In User (Forced) [Nuclear Danger Warning]<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#warning\" >Warning<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#modifying_users_on_dedicated_server\" >Modifying Users on dedicated server<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#change_a_user_home_directory\" >Change a User Home Directory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#change_a_user_id\" >Change a User ID<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#change_a_user_login_name\" >Change a User Login Name<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#change_the_account_expiry_date\" >Change the Account Expiry Date<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#add_user_to_another_group_on_dedicated_server\" >Add User to Another Group on dedicated server<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#lock_a_user_account_on_dedicated_server\" >Lock a User Account on dedicated server<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#handy_user_related_commands\" >Handy User Related Commands<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#check_that_a_user_has_an_account_on_dedicated_server\" >Check that a User has an Account on dedicated server<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#find_all_processes_by_a_specific_username_on_dedicated_server\" >Find All Processes by a Specific Username on dedicated server<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/#find_when_a_user_password_is_due_to_expire\" >Find When a User Password is Due to Expire<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>Managing users on a dedicated server means getting comfortable with a few basic concepts and commands, including the fact that users belong to one or more groups. Add or remove users, assign or unassign their group membership and you&#8217;re in business!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The steps below assume that you&#8217;re either logging in as root, so commands don&#8217;t have to be prefixed with &#8220;sudo&#8221; or that you&#8217;re logging in as a user with sudo privileges, in which case you will have to prefix commands with &#8220;sudo&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The steps also assume that you&#8217;ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-connect-with-ssh\/\">SSH&#8217;d into the box<\/a> and are executing the commands at the command line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you&#8217;re not sure if sudo is installed or not, just go to the dot prompt and enter the below command. If you get a path response, you know it&#8217;s installed (and where).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  which sudo<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"user_types\"><\/span>User Types<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Before creating users it&#8217;s important to understand that there are 3 basic types of users in a Red Hat \/ CentOS linux environment:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"regular_user\"><\/span>Regular User<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A regular user can login and perform some tasks about themselves or apps they install, but won&#8217;t be able to do superuser admin tasks, unless a superuser specifically assigns them permissions to do so.&nbsp;FTP&nbsp;user, Samba user and email user &#8211; the three regular user types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"system_user\"><\/span>System User<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A system user is created so that a service can do things, but that doesn&#8217;t include being able to login to the system and do tasks that a regular or superuser could do. Services like apache and mysql have system users assigned so that they can function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"super_user\"><\/span>Super User<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Full control and privileges &#8211; that&#8217;s what root or a superuser can do. A superuser can restart dedicated server, manage users, control firewall and service configurations like which FTPd is running (and which is default) plus a myriad of other admin tasks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"adding_users_on_dedicated_server\"><\/span>Adding Users on dedicated server<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Adding users isn&#8217;t too painful of a process. You&#8217;ll need to replace blahusername and blahpassword with whatever you&#8217;re wanting to set up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 1<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; Adding the username<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  adduser blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 2<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; Request password change for the user<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  passwd blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 3<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; At the prompts, type the new password 2x\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 4<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; Look to be sure the message appears that the command completed successfully<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong>&nbsp;In CentOS, adduser is the same as the useradd command. One is simply aliased to the other, so whenever you run either one, the same result occurs. Differences rear their head when trying to do operations such as adding to multiple groups. Adduser is a higher level extrapolation with useradd being the underlying, and somewhat more complex operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what_happens_when_adding_users_with_%e2%80%9cadduser%e2%80%9d\"><\/span>What Happens when Adding Users with &#8220;adduser&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Whenever a new user is created using the adduser command, in CentOS, the following system changes occur as a result:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\/etc\/group gets a new line in it with id and private group name (based on username) + more<\/li><li>\/etc\/gshadow gets a new line in it with private group name and encrypted password if present<\/li><li>\/etc\/passwd gets a new line in it with username, id and other details<\/li><li>\/etc\/shadow gets a new line in it with username, encrypted password and other details<\/li><li>\/home\/blahusername directory is created with whatever blahusername was created<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong>&nbsp;The rest of the adduser commands will be done via useradd for wider compatibility and consistency throughout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"creating_a_temporary_user_with_expiration_date\"><\/span>Creating a Temporary User (with expiration date)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Unless you&#8217;ve specified a particular account expiration date, user accounts will continue in perpetuity. This is generally exactly what&#8217;s wanted, though on occasion there may be need for access to be temporary. It&#8217;s then that an account expiration date comes into play. The -e option, along with a date, specified at account creation time, will make the user account temporary. In the below example, the user won&#8217;t be logging on from Christmas 2020 onward:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  useradd -e 2020-12-24 blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"creating_a_user_with_no_home_directory\"><\/span>Creating a User with No Home Directory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A user needn&#8217;t be created with a default or specified home directory. But be careful, using the -M option, as shown below doesn&#8217;t mean they do without a home directory. Instead, they get assigned the same home directory as the user logged in before:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  useradd -M blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"creating_a_user_and_specifying_a_non-standard_home_directory\"><\/span>Creating a User and Specifying a Non-Standard Home Directory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A user home directory doesn&#8217;t have to be in \/home\/blahusername. When a user is added to the system, their home directory can be specified like:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  useradd -d \/var\/blahsomeotherfolder blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"creating_a_user_with_a_specific_user_id_on_dedicated_server\"><\/span>Creating a User with a Specific User ID on dedicated server<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ordinarily a user will be automatically assigned a User ID (UID) when they&#8217;re created via the useradd command. However, you&#8217;ve got control and can manually specify the UID at creation time, by using the -u option, such as the below example that sets their ID as 1234. Be sure to avoid reusing a UID that&#8217;s already in use:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  useradd -u 1234 blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"creating_a_user_with_a_different_default_shell\"><\/span>Creating a User with a Different Default Shell<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If you&#8217;d like to assign a different default shell to newly added users, like bash, it&#8217;s the -s option you&#8217;ll need (along with an idea of what shell you&#8217;re instead assigning:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  useradd -s \/bin\/bash blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>In case you&#8217;d rather the user have no login shell, that&#8217;s doable with a slight variation on the above:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  useradd -s \/bin\/nologin blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"creating_a_system_user_on_dedicated_server\"><\/span>Creating a System User on dedicated server<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>System users are created just like regular users, only using the -r option at creation time. However, they won&#8217;t have a default home directory unless you specify one with the -m option and a home directory path. Also, no mail directory will be created at the time either. Creating a system user can be done with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  useradd -r blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>or, if you want a home directory assigned<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  useradd -r -m \/home\/blahusername blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"creating_a_user_without_a_group\"><\/span>Creating a User without a Group<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Rather than allowing a user to be set up in a private group with their username as the group name, or specifying the group directly, you can create users with no group assignment at all using the -N option:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  useradd -N blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"creating_a_user_and_specifying_the_group_id_gid\"><\/span>Creating a User and Specifying the Group ID (GID)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Every user in the system will, by default, have a GID assigned at the time of user creation. It is possible though to manually specify the GID with the -g option. Be sure to use a group ID that&#8217;s not already in use!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  useradd -g 515 blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"creating_a_user_and_adding_to_multiple_groups\"><\/span>Creating a User and Adding to Multiple Groups<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If you&#8217;ve got multiple users on the system, then managing them means creating meaningful groups with permissions based on roles. With the -G option used at creation time, a user can be added to the system and added to multiple groups, all in one go, using a comma delimited list of group names such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  useradd -G editors,marketers,uploaders blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>or<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  useradd -G webadmins,webdevs,dbadmins blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"creating_a_user_with_custom_comments_added_details\"><\/span>Creating a User with Custom Comments (Added Details)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Security through obscurity means keeping usernames different from real names, logins different from default users (like WordPress not using admin as the admin user). Within the Linux dedicated server environment, you can use custom comments so that a user comment field stores something like real name, telephone number, or other key details, using the -c option like:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  useradd -c \"John Doe\" blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>This enables you to see these details and associated home directory plus username, all in one go by looking at the \/etc\/passwd file:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  tail \/etc\/passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>or<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  head \/etc\/passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>The resultant output will include the new user you&#8217;ve created and their pertinent details such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  blahusername:x:1012:1008:John Doe:\/home\/blahusername:\/bin\/sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"deleting_users_on_dedicated_server\"><\/span>Deleting Users on dedicated server<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Deleting users is even easier than adding them. You&#8217;ll need to replace blahusername with whatever you&#8217;re wanting to remove from the system:&nbsp;<strong>Step 1<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; Deleting the user, but leaving all of their files in place<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  userdel blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 2<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; If, instead, you&#8217;d like to delete the user AND ALL their files<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  userdel -r blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong>&nbsp;The command userdel is, in most flavors of linux, aliased from the deluser command which means that userdel is executed whenever deluser is entered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"when_you_cant_delete_a_user_on_dedicated_server\"><\/span>When You Can&#8217;t Delete a User on dedicated server<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Unless you specify the -f option, covered in the section following this, below, then whenever you try to delete a user, it can fail due to certain causes such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"problem_theyve_created_a_process_thats_still_running\"><\/span>Problem: They&#8217;ve Created a Process That&#8217;s Still Running<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>When you run the standard userdel blahusername command and it fails due to a process running that belongs to blahusername, you&#8217;ll get an error such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  user blahusername is currently used by process 123456<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Contrary to what you may expect, even using the -r option won&#8217;t work (userdel -r blahusername) and will still give the same error.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"solution_kill_the_process_then_delete_the_user\"><\/span>Solution: Kill the Process Then Delete the User<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>command to work. The key, therefore, is to stop the process, then execute the userdel command again:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 1<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; As root you can kill the process with<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  kill -9 123456<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 2<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; Then delete the user with the standard userdel command<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  userdel blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"kill_exit_codes\"><\/span>Kill Exit Codes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There are a number of scenarios when executing the userdel command, the results of which are known thanks to the exit codes provided as the command completes. The exit numbers are bit cryptic, so use this chart for reference:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Code Text Explanation<\/strong>&nbsp;successful completion 1 password file can&#8217;t be updated 2 syntax error in command 6 username doesn&#8217;t exist 8 user is logged in 10 group file can&#8217;t be updated 12 home directory can&#8217;t be removed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"deleting_a_logged_in_user_forced_nuclear_danger_warning\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"deleting_a_logged_in_user_forced_nuclear_danger_warning\"><\/span>Deleting a Logged In User (Forced) [Nuclear Danger Warning]<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The beauty of linux is the power commands have with the simple flick of a switch (use of a option) such as using the -f option to force the removal of a user.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"warning\"><\/span>Warning<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Using the -f option will remove the user, their home directory, their mail spool and do it even if they&#8217;re logged on AND EVEN IF another user shares that same home directory. Even more dangerous, in some situations, a group with the same name as the user, if it exists, will get nuked as well. Use with extreme caution!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  userdel -f blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"modifying_users_on_dedicated_server\"><\/span>Modifying Users on dedicated server<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Adding users and deleting users are remarkably similar operations, which is good, since keeping it simple is a good plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Changing user home directory, default shell, password expiry, login name, adding comments and more, can all be done using the usermod command (with the right options of course)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"change_a_user_home_directory\"><\/span>Change a User Home Directory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Just as adding a user with a custom home directory relies on the -d option, so too does the usermod command when you want to change a user home directory:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  usermod -d \/var\/blahsomeotherfolder blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Changing the user home directory is great, but what about all the files in the old folder? They&#8217;re still there! If you want to change the user home directory AND move the files from the old folder to the new one, you&#8217;ll need to also include the -m (for move) to the above:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  usermod -m -d \/var\/blahsomeotherfolder blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>This combination of -m and -d options will move the files to the new home directory it assigns to the user.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"change_a_user_id\"><\/span>Change a User ID<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Changing the UID for a user is just like specifying it when creating a user, through the -u option and by providing the new UID:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  usermod -u 1111 blahcurrentusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"change_a_user_login_name\"><\/span>Change a User Login Name<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Renaming a user is done with the -l option (for new login name). You&#8217;ll need to know the new login and current login to proceed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  usermod -l blahnewusername blahcurrentusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"change_the_account_expiry_date\"><\/span>Change the Account Expiry Date<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>You can set or change the account expiration date for a user so that they will no longer have access to the system after a certain point in the future using the -e option and by supplying the expiry date:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  usermod -e 2021-01-21 blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"add_user_to_another_group_on_dedicated_server\"><\/span>Add User to Another Group on dedicated server<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to put a user into a different group, you can use the -G option. If you&#8217;d like to keep them in existing groups AND add them to a different group too, then you&#8217;d need -a and -G. Here&#8217;s the method for pulling them out of all other groups and putting into a single new group:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  usermod -G blahnewgroupname blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>or, you can append their group membership, keeping existing groups and adding a new group<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  usermod -a -G blahnewgroupname blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"lock_a_user_account_on_dedicated_server\"><\/span>Lock a User Account on dedicated server<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>With the -L option, you can lock a user account so the password no longer works (it puts the ! in the passwd file for that user). Keep in mind that other methods of accessing the user account such as SU by a user with priv&#8217;s, sudo, cron and a few others, can get around this, since the user password isn&#8217;t necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Setting the expiration date to a past date, or 1, is enough to enforce the lock however. To lock a user account, use the below. To unlock use the same command only with the -U option.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lock<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  usermod -L blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlock<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  usermod -U blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>If, after locking, you&#8217;d like to set the expiry date, it can be done as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  usermod -e 2019-01-01 blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"handy_user_related_commands\"><\/span>Handy User Related Commands<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"check_that_a_user_has_an_account_on_dedicated_server\"><\/span>Check that a User has an Account on dedicated server<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>You know that there&#8217;s a user account with a name and think you know it, but would like quick confirmation that it&#8217;s correct. The way to check is with the id command. If it exists, you&#8217;ll get a positive result (with user and group details). If not, it&#8217;ll be a &#8220;No such user&#8221; message:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  id blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"find_all_processes_by_a_specific_username_on_dedicated_server\"><\/span>Find All Processes by a Specific Username on dedicated server<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Rather than trying to accomplish something, like deleting a user, only to find an error because they have processes running (and you&#8217;re not wanting to use the dangerous -f option), savvy admins will first check to see what processes a user has active:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  ps -aux | grep blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Processes can then be terminated by process ID using the below, replacing blahprocessid with the numeric process ID number to be terminated:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  kill -9 blahprocessid<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"find_when_a_user_password_is_due_to_expire\"><\/span>Find When a User Password is Due to Expire<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A root user can find out about any user using the -l option on this command, while a regular user can find out when their own password is about to expire (without need to specify their own username in the command below):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  chage -l blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Note: chage means change user expiry (password). At the prompt, use the command below to find out all the other possible options used in manipulating the user expiry defaults:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  chage -h<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>If you&#8217;d like to walk through the current settings, being interactively prompted to enter new values (or not), just run the chage command without any options:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>  chage blahusername<\/code><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Managing users on a dedicated server means getting comfortable with a few basic concepts and commands, including the fact that users belong to one or more groups. Add or remove users, assign or unassign their group membership and you&#8217;re in business! The steps below assume that you&#8217;re either logging in as root, so commands don&#8217;t [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[91],"tags":[143,123,190],"class_list":["post-531","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-guides","tag-dedicated","tag-linux","tag-unmanaged-dedicated"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to Manage Users on a Dedicated Server? - KnownHost<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this guide, we will teach you how to manage your server&#039;s users on a premium KnownHost dedicated server.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to Manage Users on a Dedicated Server? - KnownHost\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In this guide, we will teach you how to manage your server&#039;s users on a premium KnownHost dedicated server.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.knownhost.com\/kb\/how-to-manage-users-on-a-dedicated-server\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"KnownHost\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-07-02T12:56:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-11-16T13:39:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jonathan K. 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